News and rumors have been heating up about Tesla's upcoming FSD hardware 4.0. Now, thanks to @GreenTheOnly, we have our first look at Tesla's latest FSD hardware, version 4.0.
The new hardware will not only include a faster computer and higher resolution cameras but it will include HD radar, additional cameras and new camera placements.
Cameras
It's been rumored for a while now that Tesla will use upgraded camera sensors with increased resolution. We reported last year that these new cameras are also expected to have LED flicker mitigration that will aid in reading digital signs.
Tesla's current cameras produce 1.2 megapixels, and while we don't know for a fact what the updated resolution will be, numerous rumors have pointed at them having 5 megapixel sensors.
One of our sources says that while the increased resolution will be useful in certain scenarios, it won't be 'critical' because the higher resolution also comes with some downsides, such as more noise and will require additional processing power.
However, we expect that it will be useful in certain scenarios and Tesla may even be selective about when the increased resolution is used. The new cameras will also provide a better picture and will benefit non-FSD features such as Sentry Mode.
However, the increased resolution of the new cameras is only a small part of the upcoming camera changes.
Camera Placement
Tesla's hardware 4.0 features 12 camera connectors
@GreenTheOnly/Twitter
Tesla's hardware 4.0 has 12 camera connectors on board, with one being labeled spare. All current Teslas feature nine cameras in total. Three of them are forward-facing cameras and located underneath the windshield, two are on the fenders, two on the B-pillars, one in the rear and one for the cabin camera.
A leak last month revealed that Tesla plans to reduce the number of front-facing cameras to two, down from three. This is likely due to the higher-resolution cameras, making the third telephoto lens unnecessary.
That means there may be up to three additional cameras in hardware 4.0, or possibly four if you count the spare. According to Green, these three cameras appear to be destined for the vehicle's front bumper, although it's not clear in which direction they'll be aimed.
There have been various documented issues where Tesla has a blindspot when the vehicle is coming out of a secondary road that is obstructed by buildings or other objects. Having a camera that could look to the sides near the front of the vehicle would solve these situations, by giving it better than human vision since they'd be placed near the front of the vehicle.
FSD struggles with obstructed views like these
Cyber Owners/YouTube
According to the camera port names, it appears that Tesla may also be repositioning some of its cameras. The B-pillar cameras, which look forward, may be moved onto the vehicle's fenders to presumably help provide a better view as well.
Another leak last month revealed that Tesla is added a heater element to cameras in the B-pillar of the vehicle, which will help with fog build-up underneath the glass.
Processing Power
Hardware 4.0 was previously rumored to be about 2-4x faster than hardware 3.0. Some of this power will undoubtedly go toward processing the new camera feeds and additional pixels the new cameras are providing. However, the additional power is crucial given that hardware 3.0 is nearing its processing limit.
Green provided the specs from the new hardware's chips, revealing it contains 20 cores, up from 12, and it maxes out at 2.35 GHz. Green also talked about the number of TRIP cores increasing from two to three and maxing out at 2.2 GHz.
While the number of cores and its frequency don't reveal how powerful this new hardware may be, Green says that the new hardware has 'a lot less improvement than many hoped for.'
It's not clear how much faster hardware 4.0 will be compared to hardware 3, but it sounds like the improvement may be toward the lower limit of the 2-4x speed bump we were expecting.
The hardware specs provided are per node, with the board having two nodes, which are expected to be used for redundancy.
Redundancy
Tesla's FSD hardware 4.0 is uncovered
@GreenTheOnly/Twitter
When Tesla introduced hardware 3.0, they also built it for redundancy in case of emergencies. Each board was built with two identical nodes. Both nodes could compute the same data and compare the outputs, letting the vehicle know if there was an issue. If one node failed, the vehicle could also continue driving itself long enough to pull over safely.
However, as Tesla's processing requirements increased, redundancy was removed on hardware 3.0 so that Tesla could leverage the processing power of both nodes.
With hardware 4.0, Tesla has once again added redundancy into their hardware, not only in terms of chips and processing but power redundancy as well.
However, given this look at Tesla's latest FSD hardware, it all but confirms that Tesla has no plans to offer any sort of retrofit.
Hardware 4.0 is also much more than just a faster computer. The power draw is much higher on hardware 4.0 than on hardware 3. The form factor is also completely different and will not fit in a previous model without modifications.
Tesla's previous FSD hardware upgrades were either camera upgrades or a computer upgrade, both of which were easily swappable. However, the hardware 4.0 suite now includes additional cameras, new camera placements, a new computer form factor, and an HD radar, making a retrofit unrealistic in every way.
There may be hobbyists that will dedicate their time and money to retrofitting their vehicles, but that's as far as we expect retrofits to go. The time and money Tesla would spend on retrofitting a vehicle would not make 'economical sense.'
Radar
Tesla's hardware 4.0 package augments vision with an HD radar.
Tesla started removing radar from their vehicles in 2021 with the Model 3 and Model Y. They later removed radar from their Model S and Model X vehicles as well in favor of a vision-only system.
However, with hardware 4.0, Tesla is reintroduced radar with a high-definition radar named Phoenix. HD radar is a step up from traditional radar, letting Tesla more accurately create an image with radar alone.
With hardware 4.0 Tesla is also going the extra distance with protecting its sensors. Not only will some of the cameras contain heaters to prevent weather-related issues, but Tesla will include a heater for the radar as well.
The radar heater will prevent snow and ice from accumulating on the front of the vehicle and blocking the radar signals.
Power Consumption
Since hardware 4's chips are more powerful it isn't a big surprise that they also require additional power.
According to Green, hardware 3 consumed about 100 watts max, which is about the same as hardware 2.5. Hardware 3 was created with the same power restrictions as hardware 2.5 since it needed to be easily retrofitted.
However, since hardware 4.0 isn't going to be retrofitted, it didn't come with the same design restrictions. We don't know what hardware 4's max processing power is based on the information disclosed, but it will apparently idle at 80 watts, which is about double the idle power of hardware 3.
Which Models Will Have Hardware 4.0
Green believes that Tesla is producing Model S and Model X vehicles with hardware 4.0 now. However, Tesla is hanging on to them and they're not being delivered yet.
Tesla has their upcoming March 1st event titled Investor Day, where they may reveal hardware 4.0 to everyone. Possibly with a surprise announcement that all current vehicles contain hardware 4.0.
It's not clear whether the Model 3 and Model Y are currently being manufactured with the new hardware, the Model 3 and Y lines in China are currently paused for retooling which could be related to hardware 4.
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In case you missed Tesla’s Q1 2025 earnings call last night, or just want to see the cliff notes, we’ve got you fully covered. While Tesla called this event a “Company Update” on their Investor Relations website, we covered all the usual aspects of a regular earnings call.
Tesla had a rough Q1, but managed to pull through even in the face of one of the most financially difficult quarters in recent memory. There’s also a lot of exciting news as Tesla shared updates and key information on some of its upcoming products.
Tesla actually started this event relatively on time, with the call beginning just seven minutes after the scheduled start time. If you prefer to listen to the call, you can listen below with the call starting at the 7 minute, 9 second mark.
FSD Supervised & Unsupervised
FSD Supervised launched in China, received positive reception.
Tesla launched FSD in China without access to country-specific data, and it is performing extremely well.
They expect this will make it easier to launch elsewhere.
FSD Supervised for Europe still on track for 2025.
FSD Unsupervised is now running Model 3, Model Y, and Cybertrucks from the production line to the outbound logistics lots at Fremont and Giga texas.
As of this quarter, FSD has been driving people in North America and China for 7.7 Million miles per day.
Tesla will consider pricing options for Unsupervised FSD vs Supervised FSD
In the meantime, Tesla plans to gradually lighten the supervision requirements
Executive team believes FSD is too cheap at $99/mo as it currently stands
Glare, Sand, Dust, Fog
Cameras are not fully blinded by glare or other obstacles
Tesla’s photon-count analysis happens before digital signal processing - the image you see on the dash may be washed out, but FSD can see fine.
Snow and Inclement Weather
These are still a challenge for scaling out to areas that experience snow.
Tesla is looking at implementing localized parameters to deal with snow or other localized conditions in the future
Not essential, but a “nice-to-have”
These parameters will be focused on improving reliability for certain tasks, like driving in snow
Waymo
Tesla doesn’t see Waymo as a challenger
LIDAR is expensive, can’t solve many problems
Pure vision is the key (along with audio now)
Tesla isn’t just doing a software solution and attaching hardware to a pre-existing vehicle, Tesla is building the vehicles ground-up with autonomy in mind
Validation is still a challenge, due to edge cases.
QA fleet is driving in Austin, and can go many days without an intervention
Difficult to tell whether improving or regressing
Deeper and broader simulation systems are being built
Seeing an intervention every 10,000 miles means they need 10,000 miles of data on average to address it
Need as much data as possible - 10,000 miles is the average distance covered by a driver in North America in a year
The executive team noted that Chinese FSD testers are doing a fantastic job testing edge cases
Unsupervised FSD & Robotaxi Fleet
Tesla is on track for the pilot launch of Robotaxi in Austin for June 2025.
These will move the financial needle in the 2nd half of 2026.
The first vehicles will be Model Y’s, not Cybercabs.
Aim is to start in Austin and roll out elsewhere in the United States by the end of the year
Focus is to ramp quickly, and have millions of vehicles operating autonomously by the end of 2026.
Remote Support for robotaxi fleet could happen, not 100%
10-20 vehicles on Day 1 for Robotaxi fleet
Scale-up will happen slowly
By the end of June or early July, anyone will be able to go to Austin and use a robotaxi
Vast majority of Tesla’s existing fleet will be capable of Unsupervised FSD
Elon specifically mentioned the Model S, 3, X, and Y
This is the fourth event (We, Robot, Q4 Earnings 2024, All-Hands, and Q1 Earnings 2025) without mention of the Cybertruck being capable, likely meaning that FSD development for the Cybertruck is further behind as we’ve seen.
Tesla’s generalized solution to autonomy means that once they verify it works in a few North American locations, it should work in any North American city
Key limitation is regulatory approvals
This also applies for other areas of the world - the generalized solution will make it easy to apply it elsewhere
Tesla is providing autonomous supervised vehicles today that are capable of:
Cutting commute effort
Improving lives for customers with disabilities
Tesla’s executive team wants to get these stories out and get people to experience FSD
Unsupervised FSD should launch for customers in the US, ideally by end of year
Safety is a key concern, Tesla needs to continue reducing interventions per mile
Tesla will be careful with rolling this out outside of dedicated fleets
It must be meaningfully (10x or more, as per Q4 2024) safer than a human
Will likely be geofenced to specific cities or locations
Elon expects the first Model Y will drive itself from Fremont or Giga Texas all the way to a customer by the end of 2025
Affordable Vehicle
The plan for the new more affordable model (identified as a new vehicle), remains on schedule for production beginning in the first half of 2025.
These will utilize aspects of the next-generation platform as well as current platforms, and be produced on the same manufacturing lines as current vehicles.
This approach will result in less cost reduction, but will enable Tesla to manage capital expenditures.
This model will start production as soon as June and be in the market shortly thereafter.
Ramping will be slower than hoped due to global tariff and financial impacts
Production timeline is still on track overall
Tesla is aiming for a lower initial cost of ownership and lower monthly payments
Tesla will use its existing lines - reducing the overall form factor difference between this new model and what Tesla already exists
Likely based on the Model 3 or Model Y
Will resemble the overall form and shape
Cybercab
Cybercab will use the unboxed manufacturing strategy, and is scheduled for volume production in 2026.
Sample production validation is ongoing now
First builds will happen near the end of Q2
Production is on-schedule at Giga Texas
No new building is being built, it will be built inside already planned space
Unboxed method is progressing well
It is the basis for the Cybercab’s manufacturing process
It lowers the cost of production and increases the level of automation considerably
Tesla is working on marrying large assemblies together, fixing vehicle ceiling connections, and recently completed corrosion testing
Unboxed methodology will eventually be incorporated into other lines
Cybertruck is already benefiting from some aspects of this method
Long term goal is a 5 second cycle time for Cybercab
Giga Shanghai currently has a 33 second cycle team for Model Y
Current Vehicles
Giga Texas produced its 400,00th vehicle in April, and Tesla launched the Cybertruck Long Range (RWD).
Giga Nevada achieved record battery pack production this quarter.
Model 3 and Model Y deliveries in the US (and Canada) are now made with 100% US-built battery packs.
Tesla achieved record orders in a single day in the Asia-Pacific region with the launch of the Refreshed Model Y.
This is the most competitive region for EVs, and a validation of Tesla’s cost structure and positioning.
Giga Berlin built its 500,000th Model Y this quarter.
Tesla has officially opened the first overseas market for the Cybertruck - Saudi Arabia.
Q1 is historically the worst quarter for auto sales, and the best quarter to do production swaps
Tesla used this as an opportunity to do the swap at all 4 factories around the world at the same time
Never been done before - especially as 1.1 million Model Y’s are built per year globally.
Optimus
Tesla’s Fremont factory is preparing production for the Optimus pilot line for 2025, and wider deployments of Optimus for internal Tesla use is expected this year.
There has been good progress on finalizing Optimus so far, still in prototyping stages
Tesla expects its pilot production line to begin running near the end of 2025
Several thousand units should be working in Tesla’s factories by the end of the year
Optimus ramp will be challenging, lots of new and unique components Tesla doesn’t make already
Optimus will use the AI4 computer
Shoulder actuators use permanent/rare earth magnets
Working with China to get a license for use
Goal is 1 million units per year by 2030
Batteries
The 4680 Cell (Cybercell) is IRA-complaint and eligible for the US Federal EV Rebate.
It is the lowest cost-per-kWh cell.
Tesla has diversified and protected the supply chain, and each component for the 4680 is sourced from at least two countries.
Lowest cost cell of any cell available on the market right now
Easy to build a flashy product that does one thing (e.g. charging fast) well, but difficult to scale it up and be profitable
Tesla’s lithium refining and cathode production plans will start production in 2025, moving critical battery production to the US.
Will be the biggest lithium refinery outside of China, and could potentially expand to be the biggest.
Cathode production will also make a big impact
Anode production or removing anodes entirely is being worked on
Tesla is no longer supply constrained for vehicle batteries, but is constrained on LFP batteries for North America due to tariffs.
Supply Chain
Tesla is continuing to localize supply chains where possible
Makes sense from a cost and logistics risk standpoint
Supply chains should be located on the continent of which the vehicle is built
Tesla is the least impacted car company in respect to tariffs
Places Tesla in a stronger position than their competitors
Elon believes in lower tariffs, and advocates for them
Tesla will be impacted by the May tariffs due to part production in Canada and Mexico, no way around this right now
Tesla has to buy equipment from outside the US and import it - it is expensive to bring in equipment from China
China has the most capacity to provide this equipment
Tesla is working to on-shore production of LFP, as most Tesla Energy batteries are supplied from China
There is an outsized tariff impact on Tesla Energy at the current time, and Tesla is looking at non-China suppliers of Lithium
Tesla is continuing to focus on adapting to policy changes
85% of US-built vehicles have North American content
95% of Asia-Pacific vehicles have Asian-Pacific content
Vertical integration and local partnerships are the key to increasing these
Tariff risks are higher for low-volume platforms (S, X, Cybertruck)
Tesla can bridge and cover production for other regions in times of crisis
Tesla is building strategic banks of parts they cannot vertically integrate, such as processors and microelectronics
Tesla is working to reduce or stop the reliance on rare earth magnets as much as possible
Energy
There was a 154% increase in energy storage deployed YoY, for a total of 10.4GWh.
Tesla is experiencing continued rapid growth in the energy market, but deliveries remain volatile due to the nature and scale of the projects.
Megapack expands grid capabilities
Tesla is expecting more demand for Megapack in the near future due to the increasing use of AI.
Megapack itself is extremely useful for many industrial use cases, not just AI.
It can effectively double grid capacity by buffering energy usage during off-peak hours
Tesla has many orders in the GWh range already, and is expecting demand in the TWh range in the future.
Tesla is supply constrained on Megapack
Tesla deployed 1 GWh of Powerwall this quarter.
Extremely positive reception from customers; Tesla is supply constrained.
Tesla delivered 1.4TWh of electricity by Supercharging this quarter, with a 26% YoY growth.
Megafactory Shanghai is now online and producing Megapacks, over 100 are on-site and produced, ready to be shipped (not counted this quarter!)
Tesla expects 20GWh of annual production due to the localized supply chain, and up to 40GWh in the future.
Misc.
Tesla is working on getting into India, cars going in are subject to 70% tariffs and 30% luxury tax
Would be an excellent market, aimed at India’s middle class
No discussion about localizing production in India at this time
Giga Berlin and Giga Shanghai likely have enough capacity
Tesla acknowledged that vandalism, unwarranted hostility, and brand image have suffered in several markets, and likely played an impact, but did not have a functional impact on demand
In Q&A, Tesla’s executive team mentioned:
Biggest impact was reduced Model Y production
Tesla remained a best seller in Q1 in multiple regions, and interest remained high
Tesla experienced the highest number of test drives in this quarter, ever
Tesla isn’t immune to macro economic effects
Elon’s Opening Statement
Elon’s opening statement was interesting - and normally we just integrate it right into the rest of the points, but we’ll break it out here because it is fairly important.
Elon acknowledges blowback for his time at DOGE
He believes that his work there is still important
DOGE team has made a lot of progress
Elon wanted to focus on fighting waste and fraud to benefit the US
Most of the work with DOGE is done
Time with DOGE will drop significantly as of next month
Elon will continue to work with DOGE throughout the current term
1-2 days per week as needed
Elon says he will return to focusing on Tesla
DOGE’s mandate ends in July 2026, so Elon will likely have to step away entirely then unless it is extended
This will be a bumpy year for Tesla
Elon is optimistic about the future of the company, but acknowledges 2025 will be challenging, but he doesn’t go into details
Still believes the future of the company is on large-scale autonomy
Both cars and humanoid robots
If Tesla can execute on autonomy, it is well placed for the future
Financial
Tesla saw a 20% YoY decline in total automotive revenues
Partially due to a 15% decline in gross profit, and 9% rise in operating expenses
Tesla saw non-GAAP earnings per share drop to $0.27, from $0.45 in Q1 2024, and $0.60 in Q4 2024.
Tesla attributed the majority of the decline in its vehicle deliveries due to the ramp of the Model Y across all four of its factories globally. The first time any automaker has launched a new model across all factories at the same time.
Tesla’s average selling price (ASP) also declined due to a mix of sales and financing incentives.
Overall, operating income decreased 66% YoY to $0.4B, which is a 2.1% operating margin.
Tesla saw growth in the energy generation and storage sectors (Tesla Energy), and also a higher regulatory credit revenue for this quarter.
Tesla’s continued ramp of the Cybertruck has seen a lower cost associated with its production as of Q1 2024.
Tesla’s CAPEX for 2025 will be in excess of $10 Billion
Tesla is still evaluating what and where to invest.
Listen to Event
You can listen to the entire event below, which starts at the 7 minute, 9 second mark.
Tesla is holding its 2025 Q1 earnings call today at 2:30 pm PT / 5:30 pm ET / 9:30 pm UTC. The earnings call will be followed by a Q&A session with Tesla executives, including Elon Musk.
We expect the focus to be on Tesla sales for the quarter, FSD Unsupservised and the Robotaxi network. Tesla may also discuss its upcoming, more affordable model, Optimus, and other products.
Update: If you prefer a recap of everything that was announced during Tesla’s earnings call, take a look at our bullet point list of everything Tesla announced.
Listen to Replay
The event will be live-streamed on Tesla’s site. It is also expected to be streamed on X and YouTube like it has been in the past. Tesla has changed this from an Earnings Call to a Company Update, but it’s unclear whether the phrase change holds any significance in what will be shared.
Update: You can listen to Tesla’s earnings call live below. If you prefer, you can also listen live on Tesla’s website.
Start Time
Tesla's live stream starts at 2:30 pm PT, which is the following times around the world:
2:30 pm Pacific Time
5:30 pm Eastern Time
9:30 pm UTC
10:30 pm - London, England
11:30 pm - Berlin, Germany
7:30 am (April 23rd) - Sydney, Australia
Q&A Questions
The questions asked during the Q&A portion of the call come directly from investors. These are currently the top-voted questions, so we’ll likely see answers to several of these questions:
What are the highest risk items on the critical path to robotaxi launch and scaling?
When will FSD unsupervised be available for personal use on personally-owned cars?
Is Tesla still on track for releasing “more affordable models” this year? Or will you be focusing on simplified versions to enhance affordability, similar to the RWD Cybertruck?
Does Tesla see robotaxi as a winner-take-most market, and as you approach the Austin launch, how do you expect to compare against Waymo’s offering, especially regarding pricing, geofencing and regulatory flexibility?
Can you please provide an update on the unboxed method and how that is progressing?
How is Tesla positioning itself to flexibly adapt to global economic risks in the form of tariffs, political biases, etc.?
Does Tesla still have a battery supply constraint (noted on Q4 ER call) and how does this change w/tariffs?
Did Tesla experience any meaningful changes in order inflow rate in Q1 relating to all of the rumors of “brand damage”?
Regarding the Tesla Optimus pilot line, could you confirm if it is currently operational? If so, what is the current production rate of Optimus bots per week? Additionally, how might the recent tariffs impact the scalability of this production line moving forward?
Robotaxi still on track for this year?’
Look Back at 2025 Q1 Numbers
Most of Tesla’s Q1 deliveries, 323,800 units, were unsurprisingly for the Model 3 and Model Y, while the “Other Models” category (including the Cybertruck, Model S, and Model X) accounted for 12,881 deliveries.
Comparing these numbers to Q1 2024, the Model 3/Y is down about 13%, while the Model S/X and Cybertruck are down about 24%.
In terms of production, Tesla built 345,454 Model 3/Y vehicles and 17,161 from its “Other Models” line. The company attributed the production drop to the Model Y changeover but stated that the ramp is “going well.” However, deliveries and production were both down year over year.
Q1 2025
Q1 2024
Q4 2024
Model 3/Y Deliveries
323,800
369,783
471,930
Model 3/Y Production
345,454
412,376
436,718
Other Models Deliveries
12,881
17,027
23,640
Other Models Production
17,161
20,995
22,727
Total Deliveries
336,681
386,810
495,570
Total Production
362,615
433,371
459,445
Although Tesla doesn’t officially break down its numbers by region, Troy Teslike, who closely monitors Tesla's delivery and production numbers has provided estimates that show Tesla’s deliveries across regions. Tesla delivered the most vehicles in China this past quarter, so it’ll be interesting to see if this trend continues.
His estimates for the regional break down are below:
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